Tests and Diagnosis

In addition to a thorough physical examination and complete medical history, your physician/ kidney specialist may recommend the following diagnostic tests:

• Urine tests for detecting protein and blood in the urine

• 24 hours urine collection or urine protein/creatinine ratio to quantify the amount of protein leakage

• Blood tests for kidney function and complications of kidney failure

• Immune diseases tests (eg lupus)

• Ultrasound scan of the kidneys

• Kidney biopsy (This involves using a special needle to extract small pieces of kidney tissue for microscopic examination to help determine the cause of GN. A kidney biopsy is almost always necessary to confirm a diagnosis of GN)

Treatment and Management

Treatment varies depending on the cause of the disorder, and the type and severity of symptoms. High blood pressure may be difficult to control, and it is generally one of the important aspect of treatment.

Medicines that may be prescribed include:

• Blood pressure medications are often needed to control blood pressure.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are most commonly prescribed as they have added effect on urine protein reduction.

• Corticosteroids may relieve symptoms in some cases.

• Medications that suppress the immune system may also be prescribed, depending on the cause of the condition.

In more advanced cases, a procedure known as plasmapheresis may be used for some cases of GN due to immune-related causes to remove the excessive antibodies in the blood so as to reduce inflammation in the kidney tissues. Dialysis support may be required in those with serious complications of kidney failure.

Dietary measures include:

• Control salt and water intake to minimise fluid retention, swelling and hypertension

• Reduce protein and potassium intake to slow the build up of wastes in the body

Find a Renal Physician

Expert Author:

Dr Roger Tan, Consultant Nephrologist