Ophthalmologists are specialist surgeons who deal with the diseases that affect the visual pathways. These visual pathways include the eyes, the eye lashes, and structures surrounding the eyes, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids.

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Classification of Eye Disorders Managed by Ophthalmologists

• Disorders of the Eyelid, Lacrimal System and Orbit

Stye, chalazion, blepharitis, ectropion, entropion, blepharochalasis, ptosis, xanthelasma, dermatitis of the eyelid, various infections of the eyelid due to parasites, zoster, leprosy, herpes simplex virus etc

• Disorders of the Conjunctiva

Common viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, pterygium, subconjunctival haemorrhage, conjunctivitis due to other infections eg. chlamydia, gonococci, acanthamoeba, meningococci, zoster.

• Disorders of the Sclera, Cornea, Iris and Ciliary Body

Scleritis, epi-scleritis, corneal ulcer, corneal abrasion, arc eye, keratoconus, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes), iritis, uveitis, keratitis.

• Disorders of the Lens

Cataract

• Disorders of the Choroid and Retina

Retinal detachment, retinoschisis, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, macular degeneration, epiretinal membrane, retinitis pigmentosa, macular oedema.

• Glaucoma

Glaucoma and optic neuropathy

• Disorders of the Vitreous Body and Globe

Presenting as floaters

• Disorders of Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways

Optic neuropathy, optic disc drusen, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

• Disorder of the Ocular Muscle, Binocular Movement, Accommodation and Refraction

Strabismus (crossed eye), ophthalmoparesis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, exotropia, esotropia, hypermetropia (far sightedness), myopia (near sightedness), astigmatism, presbyopia, anisometropia,

• Visual Disturbances and Blindness

Amblyopia (lazy eye), Leber's congenital amaurosis, scotoma, colour blindness, achromatopsia, nyctalopia (night blindness), blindness